Hjálp:Alþjóðlega hljóðstafrófið

Merki	Dæmi	Lýsing
^ upp A
[ a ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish casa, French patte, German Mann	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ aː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
[ ɐ ]	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(With English, [ɐ] is normally written "[ʌ]".)
[ ɑ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
[ ɑː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
[ ɑ̃ ]	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[ ɒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ ʌ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When "[ʌ]" is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[ æ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP cat
^ upp B
[ b ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English babble
[ ɓ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said while swallowing.
[ ʙ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like the brrr sound made when cold.
[ β ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish la Bamba	Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
^ upp C
[ c ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow"	Rather like English tune (RP) or cute. Sometimes used for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ ç ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Ich	More y-like than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ ɕ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin Xi'an	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ ɔ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under O
^ upp D
[ d ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English did
[ ɗ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said while swallowing.
[ ɖ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English "harder"	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ð ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English the, bathe
[ dz ] ⁽ⁱ⁾¹	English adze, Italian zero
[ dʒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾¹	English judge
[ dʑ ] ¹	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[ dʐ ] ¹	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ upp E
[ e ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish fe; French clé
[ eː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ ə ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ ɚ ]	American English runner
[ ɛ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English bet
[ ɛ̃ ]	French Agen, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[ ɜ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP bird (long)
[ ɝ ]	American English bird
^ upp F
[ f ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English fun
[ ɟ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under J
[ ʄ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under J
^ upp G
[ ɡ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English gig	(no different from the symbol "g")
[ ɠ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said while swallowing.
[ ɢ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Gaddafi.
[ ʒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under Z	English beige.
^ upp H
[ h ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	American English house
[ ɦ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ ʰ ]		The extra puff of air in English upp [tʰɒp] compared to supp [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[ ħ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic محمد Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ ɥ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under U
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ upp I
[ i ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[ iː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sea	Long [i].
[ ɪ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sit
[ ɨ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ upp J
[ j ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English yes, German Junge
[ ʲ ]	Russian Ленин [lʲeˈnʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ ʝ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ ɟ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Rather like English dew (RP) or argue. Sometimes used for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ ʄ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said while swallowing.
^ upp K
[ k ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English kick, skip
^ upp L
[ l ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English leaf
[ ɫ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English wool	"Dark" el.
[ ɬ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Zulu hlala "sit"	Rather like [l] and [ʃ] or [l] and [θ] said together. Found in Welsh names like Lloyd and Llywelyn and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ ɭ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɺ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ ɮ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ upp M
[ m ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English mime
[ ɱ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ ɯ ]	see under W
[ ʍ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under W
^ upp N
[ n ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English nun
[ ŋ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sing
[ ɲ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon.
[ ɳ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] "Varuna"	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ɴ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Castilian Spanish Don Juan IPA: [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ upp O
[ o ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish no, French eau
[ oː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
[ ɔ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
[ ɔː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
[ ɔ̃ ]	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[ ø ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ øː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
[ œ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[ œː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
[ œ̃ ]	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[ θ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English thigh, bath
[ ɸ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
^ upp P
[ p ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English pip, spit
^ upp Q
[ q ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ upp R
[ r ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Generally used for English [ɹ] when there's no need to be precise.)
[ ɾ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish pero, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
[ ʀ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾		A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ ɽ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ ɹ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP borrow
[ ɻ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ ʁ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ upp S
[ s ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English sass
[ ʃ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English she
[ ʂ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin Shàolín, Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to IPA: [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ upp T
[ t ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English tot, stop
[ ʈ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ ts ] ⁽ⁱ⁾²	English cats, Russian царь tsar
[ tʃ ] ²	English church
[ tɕ ] ²	Mandarin 北京 Běijīng ⁽ⁱ⁾, Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[ tʂ ] ²	Mandarin zh, Polish cz	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back .
^ upp U
[ u ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French vous "you"
[ uː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	RP food, French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher	Long [u].
[ ʊ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ ʉ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ ɥ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
[ ɯ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under W
^ upp V
[ v ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English verve
[ ʋ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ ɣ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic / Swahili ghali "expensive"	Sounds rather like French [ʁ].
[ ɤ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin Hénán	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ ʌ ]	see under A
^ upp W
[ w ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English wow
[ ʷ ]	English rain [ɹʷɛn]	Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick.
[ ʍ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ ɯ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Turkish kayık "caïque"	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ ɰ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish agua
^ upp X
[ x ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good"
[ χ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan IPA: [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ upp Y
[ y ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ yː ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
[ ʏ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	German Eisenhüttenstadt	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ ʎ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Spanish llama (Castilian)	More y-like than [l]. Rather like English million.
[ ɥ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under U
[ ɤ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	see under V
[ ɣ ]	see under V
^ upp Z
[ z ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English zoos
[ ʒ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English vision, French journal
[ ʑ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn"	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ ʐ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian журнал "journal"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back .
[ ɮ ]	see under L
^ upp other
[ ʔ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German	The 'glottal supp', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]; for some Americans, in a apple [ʌˈʔæpl̩].
[ ʕ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Arabic عربي (^carabī) "Arabic"	A subtle sound deep in the throat.
[ ǀ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name.
[ ǁ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ ǃ ] ⁽ⁱ⁾	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle.

„Hjálp:Alþjóðlega hljóðstafrófið“ er grein sem finna má á Wikipediu.
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